Superior Detection of Faces in Male Infants at 2 Months     

Sarah E. Maylott  Jilian R. Sansone  Krisztina V. Jakobsen  Elizabeth A. Simpson 《Child development》2021,92(4):e621-e634

Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2-month olds’ (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four-item image arrays. Infants were more likely to detect human faces compared to objects, suggesting a functional face detection system. Unexpectedly, males looked longer at human faces than females, and only males looked faster and longer at human faces compared to objects. Females, in contrast, looked less at human faces relative to animal faces and objects, appearing socially disinterested. Notably, this is the first report of a male face detection advantage at any age. These findings suggest a unique stage in early infant social development.  相似文献   

Perceptual Access Reasoning (PAR) in Developing a Representational Theory of Mind     

William V. Fabricius  Christopher R. Gonzales  Annelise Pesch  Amy A. Weimer  John Pugliese  Kathleen Carroll  Rebecca R. Bolnick  Anne S. Kupfer  Nancy Eisenberg  Tracy L. Spinrad 《Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development》2021,86(3):7-154

An important part of children's social and cognitive development is their understanding that people are psychological beings with internal, mental states including desire, intention, perception, and belief. A full understanding of people as psychological beings requires a representational theory of mind (ToM), which is an understanding that mental states can faithfully represent reality, or misrepresent reality. For the last 35 years, researchers have relied on false-belief tasks as the gold standard to test children's understanding that beliefs can misrepresent reality. In false-belief tasks, children are asked to reason about the behavior of agents who have false beliefs about situations. Although a large body of evidence indicates that most children pass false-belief tasks by the end of the preschool years, the evidence we present in this monograph suggests that most children do not understand false beliefs or, surprisingly, even true beliefs until middle childhood. We argue that young children pass false-belief tasks without understanding false beliefs by using perceptual access reasoning (PAR). With PAR, children understand that seeing leads to knowing in the moment, but not that knowing also arises from thinking or persists as memory and belief after the situation changes. By the same token, PAR leads children to fail true-belief tasks. PAR theory can account for performance on other traditional tests of representational ToM and related tasks, and can account for the factors that have been found to correlate with or affect both true- and false-belief performance. The theory provides a new laboratory measure which we label the belief understanding scale (BUS). This scale can distinguish between a child who is operating with PAR versus a child who is understanding beliefs. This scale provides a method needed to allow the study of the development of representational ToM. In this monograph, we report the outcome of the tests that we have conducted of predictions generated by PAR theory. The findings demonstrated signature PAR limitations in reasoning about the mind during the ages when children are hypothesized to be using PAR. In Chapter II, secondary analyses of the published true-belief literature revealed that children failed several types of true-belief tasks. Chapters III through IX describe new empirical data collected across multiple studies between 2003 and 2014 from 580 children aged 4–7 years, as well as from a small sample of 14 adults. Participants were recruited from the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. All participants were native English-speakers. Children were recruited from university-sponsored and community preschools and daycare centers, and from hospital maternity wards. Adults were university students who participated to partially fulfill course requirements for research participation. Sociometric data were collected only in Chapter IX, and are fully reported there. In Chapter III, minor alterations in task procedures produced wide variations in children's performance in 3-option false-belief tasks. In Chapter IV, we report findings which show that the developmental lag between children's understanding ignorance and understanding false belief is longer than the lag reported in previous studies. In Chapter V, children did not distinguish between agents who have false beliefs versus agents who have no beliefs. In Chapter VI, findings showed that children found it no easier to reason about true beliefs than to reason about false beliefs. In Chapter VII, when children were asked to justify their correct answers in false-belief tasks, they did not reference agents’ false beliefs. Similarly, in Chapter VIII, when children were asked to explain agents’ actions in false-belief tasks, they did not reference agents’ false beliefs. In Chapter IX, children who were identified as using PAR differed from children who understood beliefs along three dimensions—in levels of social development, inhibitory control, and kindergarten adjustment. Although the findings need replication and additional studies of alternative interpretations, the collection of results reported in this monograph challenges the prevailing view that representational ToM is in place by the end of the preschool years. Furthermore, the pattern of findings is consistent with the proposal that PAR is the developmental precursor of representational ToM. The current findings also raise questions about claims that infants and toddlers demonstrate ToM-related abilities, and that representational ToM is innate.  相似文献   

The works of Isambard Kingdom Brunel: Edited by Alfred Pugsley. Pp. 222. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge. 1980. £8.95     

Trevor I. Williams 《Endeavour》1981,5(1):48

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Session - 3 December 19, 2007 Cardiovascular risk markers - II     

Cynthia Jane  A. V. Nerurkar  F. R. Karjodkar 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2007,22(2):114-117

Oral Cancer is one of the five leading sites of cancer in Indian population. The circulating immune complexes were investigated in 100 serum samples of 60 oral cancer patients having different grades of the disease and 40 patients with precancerous lesions obtained from Nair Hospital Dental collage, Mumbai. The results obtained were compared with those of group of 40 healthy blood donors. Elevated levels of Circulating Immune Complexes were observed in oral cancer patients and patients with oral precancerous lesions. 92% positive samples were observed in well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma whereas 100% positive samples were observed in both moderately and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Oral leukoplakia and oral submucous fibrosis showed 15% and 90% positivity respectively. Increased level of Circulating Immune complexes in high grade tumor suggest that Circulating Immune complexes is likely to contribute in evaluating the degree of malignancy, but follow up study is needed to draw any conclusion regarding it's prognostic role  相似文献   

Inverse control of discrete-time multivariable systems     

A.V. Bronnikov  A.A. Borovkov 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》2002,339(3):335-345

The inverse control of discrete-time single-input/single-output linear systems is extended to multivariable systems. The extension considered is far from being trivial when a multivariable system possesses interactions and multiple delays, leading to ill-conditioning or even singularity of the problem. A feedback control algorithm suggested is based on decoupling and compensating the plant by preceding it with the inverse controller. The inverse controller is derived by using the regularization of the pseudoinverse of the plant convolution matrix. In this way a regularized multivariable control with a minimum norm is provided. A numerical example of the inverse control of a distillation column is presented.  相似文献   

Decision-oriented frameworks for management information systems design     

James V. Hansen  Lynn J. McKell  Lester E. Heitger 《Information processing & management》1977,13(4):215-225

Despite the rapid growth in the use of computers in organizations, few of the resulting systems have had a significant impact on the way in which management makes decisions. Frameworks are needed which aid in understanding the structure of management information systems, toward providing focus and improving the effectiveness of systems efforts.This paper surveys recent conceptual and empirical work related to development of decision-oriented frameworks for management information systems design, particularly as related to the improving the management of organizations.  相似文献   

The development of assistive dementia technology that accounts for the values of those affected by its use     

Oliver K. Burmeister 《Ethics and Information Technology》2016,18(3):185-198

Developing technology that accounts for values has been achieved in many areas, including security, gaming, finance, engineering, and many more. The main methodological approach has been that of value sensitive design. But most of the work to date has been on the first of its three stages. The focus of this article is on advances related to its second stage, empirical investigation, and in particular the impact of contextual understanding in that stage. Although lessons can be learnt from other domains, the specific context of dementia means that there are nuances to understanding values, including justice and autonomy, that differ from other areas. The integration of value considerations in the development of assistive technology in dementia is explored in two broad categories: the traditional and ongoing need for fixed decision support, and adaptable decision support technologies. For fixed decision support the A&D Benchmark is particularly useful in design. But for adaptable technologies, that benchmark requires further development, including consideration of the values of additional stakeholders, such as the general public.  相似文献   

Oxidant and antioxidant status in vegetarians and fish eaters     

K. Poornima  M. Cariappa  K. Asha  H. P. Kedilaya  M. Nandini 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2003,18(2):197-205

An adequate antioxidant reserve which is usually present in a vegetarian diet is associated with higher life expectancy. On the other hand habitual consumption of fish is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular diseases which is attributed to the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) present in it. However the PUFA are readily susceptible to oxidation leading to the formation of free radicals which is known to be involved in the causation of several diseases. The oxidant-antioxidant status of 23 vegetarians and 22 fish eaters was studied by determining the plasma lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) and the antioxidants, viz. glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid, ceruloplasmin and uric acid. Results show that the ascorbic acid values were significantly higher in vegetarians. In addition, MDA correlated negatively with ascorbic acid only in vegetarians. However, correlation of MDA with glutathione showed a significant negative correlation only in fish eaters. There was no statistically significant difference in the MDA, GSH, ceruloplasmin and uric acid levels. The mechanism behind these findings are not clear and needs to be explored.  相似文献   

Design of 2-D stable analog and recursive digital filters using properties of the derivative of even or odd Parts of Hurwitz polynomials     

V. Ramachandran  M. Ahmadi 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1983,315(4):259-267

In this paper, a method for the design of 2-D analog and recursive digital filters is presented. Starting from a structure in the analog domain, suitable even or odd parts of two-variable Hurwitz polynomials are generated. This enables 2-variable very strictly Hurwitz polynomials (VSHP) to be obtained,² thus avoiding non-essential singularities of the second kind. Thus it will ensure a stable 2-D recursive digital filter obtained by the use of bilinear transformations. Examples are given to illustrate the method.  相似文献   

A conceptual model of taste receptors     

Syed Shamil B.Sc.  Ph.D.  C.Chem.  M.R.S.C.  M.I.F.S.T.  Gordon G. Birch B.Sc.  Ph.D.  D.Sc.  F.R.C.S.  F.I.F.S.T. 《Endeavour》1990,14(4)

Of all the senses, that of taste is perhaps the hardest to define and quantify and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms is unrespondingly difficult. This article describes a conceptual model — at the molecular level — for the four basic taste modalities, using apparent specific volume as a fundamental parameter. It also considers possible practical applications.  相似文献